Vue.js 学习笔记(一)数据绑定与指示器

一、安装与项目初始化

安装 @vue/cli$ npm install -g @vue/cli

安装 gitsudo apt-get install git

创建项目:$ vue create todo --default

项目结构

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$ tree todo -I node_modules
todo
├── babel.config.js
├── package.json
├── package-lock.json
├── public
│   ├── favicon.ico
│   └── index.html
├── README.md
└── src
├── App.vue
├── assets
│   └── logo.png
├── components
│   └── HelloWorld.vue
└── main.js
文件 功能
public/index.html 浏览器加载的 HTML 文件。其中包含用于显示 Vue 应用的标签和加载应用文件的 <script>
src/main.js 负责 Vue 应用的基本配置,通常还用于注册应用依赖的第三方组件
src/App.vue Vue 组件,即 Vue 应用的主要构成部分。如需要显示给用户的 HTML 页面、Javascript 代码和 CSS 等

public/index.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>todo</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="app"></div>
<!-- built files will be auto injected -->
</body>
</html>

src/main.js

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import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'

Vue.config.productionTip = false

new Vue({
render: h => h(App),
}).$mount('#app')

App.vue

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<template>
<div id="app">
<img alt="Vue logo" src="./assets/logo.png">
<HelloWorld msg="Welcome to Your Vue.js App"/>
</div>
</template>

<script>
import HelloWorld from './components/HelloWorld.vue'

export default {
name: 'app',
components: {
HelloWorld
}
}
</script>

<style>
#app {
font-family: 'Avenir', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
text-align: center;
color: #2c3e50;
margin-top: 60px;
}
</style>

开启测试服务器:$ npm run serve
npm serve

二、数据绑定与指示器

准备工作,添加 CSS 库:
$ npm install bootstrap@4.0.0

修改 src/main.js 导入 Bootstrap

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// src/main.js
import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'

import "bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css";

Vue.config.productionTip = false

new Vue({
render: h => h(App),
}).$mount('#app')

1. 数据绑定

展示数据给用户是 web 组件最重要的工作之一,数据绑定可以将 <script> 下定义的数据对象关联给 <template> 中的特定元素进行显示。

显示数据

修改 src/App.vue 如下:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name }}</h3>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak"
}
}
}
</script>

通过 JavaScript 模块中的 data 属性定义了可以被绑定的数据值:

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data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak"
}
}

再借助数据绑定机制,使用 等语法将 <script> 中定义的数据关联到 template 模块的 HTML 元素中。这种形式的绑定也称为文本注入(text interpolation binding)
data binding

绑定中使用表达式

实际上数据绑定不仅仅可以通过预先定义的变量替换 HTML 元素中的文本,还可以直接嵌入复杂的表达式,具体代码如下:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name }}</h3>
<h3>Price: ${{ (price + (price * (taxRate / 100))).toFixed(2) }}</h3>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak",
price: 275,
taxRate: 12
}
}
}
</script>

expression

Computed Properties

在数据绑定中使用过于复杂的表达式并不利于代码的阅读、维护和复用。为了使 template 组件可以足够简单,Vue 提供了计算属性模块,可以从 data 属性提供的数据中生成需要的值,从而减少数据绑定中复杂表达式的使用。

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name }}</h3>
<h3>Price: ${{ totalPrice.toFixed(2) }}</h3>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak",
price: 275,
taxRate: 12
}
},
computed: {
totalPrice: function() {
return this.price + (this.price * (this.taxRate / 100));
}
}
}
</script>

关键代码:

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<h3>Price: ${{ totalPrice.toFixed(2) }}</h3>
...
computed: {
totalPrice: function() {
return this.price + (this.price * (this.taxRate / 100));
}
}

computed properties

Methods

方法相对于计算属性则更加灵活,可以定义自己的参数。

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name }}</h3>
<h4>Price: ${{ lowTotalPrice.toFixed(2) }} (Low Rate)</h4>
<h4>Price: ${{ highTotalPrice.toFixed(2) }} (High Rate)</h4>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak",
price: 275,
lowTaxRate: 12,
highTaxRate: 20
}
},
computed: {
lowTotalPrice: function () {
return this.getTotalPrice(this.lowTaxRate);
},
highTotalPrice: function () {
return this.getTotalPrice(this.highTaxRate);
}
},
methods: {
getTotalPrice(taxRate) {
return this.price + (this.price * (taxRate / 100));
}
}
}
</script>

methods

也可以省略掉上面代码中对计算属性的定义,直接在数据绑定时调用方法。这显示了各组件之间组织的灵活性,当然此举也会增加 template 中代码的复杂度:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name }}</h3>
<h4>Price: ${{ getTotalPrice(lowTaxRate).toFixed(2) }} (Low Rate)</h4>
<h4>Price: ${{ getTotalPrice(highTaxRate).toFixed(2) }} (High Rate)</h4>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak",
price: 275,
lowTaxRate: 12,
highTaxRate: 20
}
},

methods: {
getTotalPrice(taxRate) {
return this.price + (this.price * (taxRate / 100));
}
}
}
</script>

methods 2

Filters

过滤器是一种在 filter 模块下定义的函数,可以对需要显示的表达式进行格式化操作:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name }}</h3>
<h4>Price: {{ getTotalPrice(lowTaxRate) | currency }} (Low Rate)</h4>
<h4>Price: {{ getTotalPrice(highTaxRate) | currency }} (High Rate)</h4>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Kayak",
price: 275,
lowTaxRate: 12,
highTaxRate: 20
}
},

methods: {
getTotalPrice(taxRate) {
return this.price + (this.price * (taxRate / 100));
}
},
filters: {
currency(value) {
return new Intl.NumberFormat("en-US",
{ style: "currency", currency: "USD" }).format(value);
}
}
}
</script>

filters

复杂 Filter
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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="bg-primary text-white text-center m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: {{ name | reverse | capitalize }}</h3>
<h4>Price: {{ getTotalPrice(lowTaxRate) | currency(3) }} (Low Rate)</h4>
<h4>Price: {{ getTotalPrice(highTaxRate) | currency }} (High Rate)</h4>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Lifejacket",
price: 48.95,
lowTaxRate: 12,
highTaxRate: 20
}
},

methods: {
getTotalPrice(taxRate) {
return this.price + (this.price * (taxRate / 100));
}
},
filters: {
currency(value, places) {
return new Intl.NumberFormat("en-US",
{
style: "currency", currency: "USD",
minimumFractionDigits: places || 2,
maximumFractionDigits: places || 2
}).format(value);
},
capitalize(value) {
return value[0].toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
},
reverse(value) {
return value.split("").reverse().join("");
}
}
}
</script>

complex filter

2. Directives

指示器 是 template 中可以为 HTML 元素添加 Vue.js 功能的一些特殊属性。比如 v-on:click 指示器可以为 <button> 元素添加对鼠标单击事件的监听,v-text 指示器可以设置某个 HTML 元素的文字内容。
v-text

有选择地显示元素

使用 v-if 指示器控制 HTML 元素的显示与隐藏:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<div class="bg-primary text-white m-2 p-3">
<h3>Product: <span v-text="name"></span></h3>
<h4 v-if="showElements">{{ price }}</h4>
</div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Lifejacket",
price: 275,
showElements: true
}
},

methods: {
handleClick() {
this.showElements = !this.showElements;
}
},
}
</script>

关键代码:

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<h4 v-if="showElements">{{ price }}</h4>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
...
methods: {
handleClick() {
this.showElements = !this.showElements;
}
}

v-if

v-if2

v-if-else
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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<div class="bg-primary text-white m-2 p-3">
<h3 v-if="counter % 3 == 0">Product: {{name}}</h3>
<h3 v-else-if="counter % 3 == 1">Price: {{price}}</h3>
<h3 v-else>Category: {{category}}</h3>
</div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Lifejacket",
price: 275,
category: "Waterspots",
counter: 0
}
},

methods: {
handleClick() {
this.counter++;
}
},
}
</script>

v-if-else
v-if-else2

设置元素的 Class 属性

v-bind-class

通过 v-bind:class 设置 HTML 元素的 Class 属性:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<div class="bg-primary text-white m-2 p-3">
<h3 v-bind:class="elemClasses">Product: {{name}}</h3>
</div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Lifejacket",
highlight: false
}
},
computed: {
elemClasses() {
return this.highlight
? ["bg-light", "text-dark", "display-4"]
: ["bg-dark", "text-light", "p-2"];
}
},
methods: {
handleClick() {
this.highlight = !this.highlight;
}
},
}
</script>

v-bind-class

v-bind-class2

设置多个属性

v-bind 指示器可以同时设置 HTML 元素的 class、style 等属性,甚至还可以包括原本不存在的由用户自行定义的属性(如下面代码中的 data-size)。

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<div class="bg-primary text-white m-2 p-3">
<h3 v-bind="attrValues">Product: {{name}}</h3>
</div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Lifejacket",
highlight: false
}
},
computed: {
attrValues() {
return {
class: this.highlight ? ["bg-light", "text-dark"] : [],
style: {
border: this.highlight ? "5px solid red" : ""
},
"data-size": this.highlight ? "big" : "small"
}
}
},
methods: {
handleClick() {
this.highlight = !this.highlight;
}
},
}
</script>
<style>
[data-size=big] { font-size: 40pt; }
[data-size=small] { font-size: 20pt; }
</style>

multiple attributes

multiple attributes2

设置 HTMLElement 属性(不常用)
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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<div class="bg-primary text-white m-2 p-3">
<h3 v-bind:text-content.prop="textContent"></h3>
</div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
name: "Lifejacket",
highlight: false
}
},
computed: {
textContent() {
return this.highlight ? "Highlight!" : `Product: ${this.name}`;
}
},
methods: {
handleClick() {
this.highlight = !this.highlight;
}
},
}
</script>

HTMLElement

HTMLElement2

3. Repeater Directive

Vue.js 中的 v-for 指示器可以用来操作数组格式的数据、生成表格和 Grid 布局等。

遍历数组

v-for 指示器可以遍历数组结构中的数据对象并以循环的方式绑定给多个 HTML 元素。

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<h2 class="bg-primary text-while text-center p-3">Products</h2>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered table-striped text-left">
<tr><th>Index</th><th>Name</th><th>Price</th></tr>
<tbody>
<tr v-for="(p, i) in products" v-bind:key="p.name">
<td>{{ i + 1 }}</td>
<td>{{ p.name }}</td>
<td>{{ p.price }}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
products: [
{ name: "Kayak", price: 275 },
{ name: "Lifejacket", price: 48.95 },
{ name: "Soccer Ball", price: 19.50 },
]
}
},
methods: {
handleClick() {
this.products.push(this.products.shift());
}
},
}
</script>

关键代码:

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<tr v-for="(p, i) in products" v-bind:key="p.name">
<td>{{ i + 1 }}</td>
<td>{{ p.name }}</td>
<td>{{ p.price }}</td>
</tr>

v-for

遍历对象

注意此处遍历的数据结构是 JavaScript 对象而不是上面代码中的数组。

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<h2 class="bg-primary text-while text-center p-3">Products</h2>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered table-striped text-left">
<tr><th>Index</th><th>Key</th><th>Name</th><th>Price</th></tr>
<tbody>
<tr v-for="(p, key, i) in products" v-bind:key="p.name">
<td>{{ i + 1 }}</td>
<td>{{ key }}</td>
<td>{{ p.name }}</td>
<td>{{ p.price }}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
<button v-on:click="handleClick" class="btn btn-primary">
Press Me
</button>
</div>
</div>
</template>

<script>
import Vue from "vue";

export default {
name: "app",
data: function () {
return {
products: {
"kayak": { name: "Kayak", price: 275 },
22: { name: "Lifejacket", price: 48.95 },
3: { name: "Soccer Ball", price: 19.50 },
4: { name: "Corner Flags", price: 39.95 }
}
}
},
methods: {
handleClick() {
Vue.set(this.products, 5, { name: "Running Shoes", price: 100 });
}
},
}
</script>

PS:更新表格数据应使用 Vue.set(),不要使用类似 this.products[index] = xx 这样的形式。

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Vue.set(this.products, 5, { name: "Running Shoes", price: 100 });

object

object2

v-for 与 Computed Properties

v-for 指示器可以搭配计算属性和方法等一起使用,参考(细品)下面的分页示例:

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// src/App.vue
<template>
<div id="app" class="container-fluid text-center">
<h2 class="bg-primary text-while text-center p-3">Products</h2>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered table-striped text-left">
<tr><th>Name</th><th>Price</th></tr>
<tbody>
<tr v-for="p in pageItems" v-bind:key="p.name">
<td>{{ p.name }}</td>
<td>{{ p.price }}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
<!-- eslint-disable-next-line vue/require-v-for-key -->
<button v-for="i in pageCount" v-on:click="selectPage(i)"
class="btn btn-secondary m-1"
v-bind:class="{'bg-primary': currentPage == i}">
{{ i }}
</button>
</div>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
data: function () {
return {
pageSize: 3,
currentPage: 1,
products: [
{ name: "Kayak", price: 275 },
{ name: "Lifejacket", price: 48.95 },
{ name: "Soccer Ball", price: 19.50 },
{ name: "Corner Flags", price: 39.95 },
{ name: "Stadium", price: 79500 },
{ name: "Thinking Cap", price: 16 },
{ name: "Unsteady Chair", price: 29.95 },
{ name: "Human Chess Board", price: 75 },
{ name: "Bling Bling King", price: 1200 }
]
}
},
computed: {
pageCount() {
return Math.ceil(this.products.length / this.pageSize);
},
pageItems() {
let start = (this.currentPage - 1) * this.pageSize;
return this.products.slice(start, start + this.pageSize);
}
},
methods: {
selectPage(page) {
this.currentPage = page;
}
}
}
</script>

paging

paging2

参考资料

Pro Vue.js 2