Django(drf)配合 Vue Element 实现文件上传下载功能

后台代码

Models

编辑 models.py 代码,通过 FileField 字段记录文件信息:

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from django.db import models


class FilesModel(models.Model):
file = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/')

class Meta:
db_table = 'files_storage'
ordering = ['-id']

Serializer

这里使用 Django REST framework 实现后端 REST API,需要创建序列化器 serializers.py,内容如下:

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from rest_framework import serializers
# files 是 app 的名字
from files import models


class FilesSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.FilesModel
fields = '__all__'

Views

编辑 views.py 代码,内容如下:

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from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from files import models, serializers


class FileViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.FilesModel.objects.all()
serializer_class = serializers.FilesSerializer

Urls

在 files 路径下新建 urls.py 文件,填写路由配置:

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from django.urls import include, path
from rest_framework import routers
from files import views

router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'files', views.FileViewSet)

urlpatterns = [
path('', include(router.urls))
]

在项目总配置路径下(settings.py 所在的路径)编辑根路由配置文件 urls.py

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from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('storage/', include('files.urls'))
]

测试后端 API

运行后台服务 python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000,访问 http://xx.xx.xx.xx:8000/storage/files/,界面如下:
Django REST framework

测试上传文件,效果如下:
上传成功

前端代码(手动上传)

借助 Element UI 的 upload 组件,Vue 代码(index.vue)如下:

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<template>
<div>
<el-upload
ref="upload"
drag
action="http://xx.xx.xx.xx:8000/storage/files/"
:auto-upload="false"
:on-success="onSuccess"
>
<i class="el-icon-upload" />
<div class="el-upload__text">将文件拖到此处,或<em>点击上传</em></div>
</el-upload>
<el-button style="margin-left: 10px;" size="small" type="success" @click="submitUpload">上传到服务器</el-button>
</div>
</template>

<script>

export default {
name: 'UploadDemo',
methods: {
submitUpload() {
this.$refs.upload.submit()
},
onSuccess() {
this.$message.success('上传成功')
}
}
}
</script>

其中 el-upload 组件的 action 属性用于指定后台 API 的 URI;
:auto-upload 属性用于设置是否自动上传(这里设置为 false,手动触发上传动作);
:on-success 属性用于指定上传成功后触发的方法。

submitUpload() 中的 this.$refs.upload.submit() 方法触发文件上传动作。

界面如下:
上传界面

测试文件上传:
上传成功

后台数据如下:

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[
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/template.html",
"id": 18
},
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/20171215091830_55126_hSnPtZR.png",
"id": 17
}
]

文件上传的同时添加其他数据

修改数据库模型

编辑后端 models.py 文件,添加其他字段:

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from django.db import models


class FilesModel(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=20, default='')
file = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/')

class Meta:
db_table = 'files_storage'
ordering = ['-id']

数据库迁移后,重启后台 Web 服务。

后台数据如下:

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[
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/template.html",
"id": 18,
"name": ""
},
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/20171215091830_55126_hSnPtZR.png",
"id": 17,
"name": ""
}
]

修改前端代码

添加其他数据的输入界面,同时将附加数据绑定到 el-upload 组件中:

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<template>
<div>
<el-label>名称</el-label>
<el-input v-model="fileData.name" style="width: 20%" />
<el-upload
ref="upload"
drag
class="upload-demo"
action="http://xx.xx.xx.xx:8000/storage/files/"
:data="fileData"
:auto-upload="false"
:on-success="onSuccess"
style="padding: 30px"
>
<i class="el-icon-upload" />
<div class="el-upload__text">将文件拖到此处,或<em>点击上传</em></div>
</el-upload>
<el-button style="margin-left: 10px;" size="small" type="success" @click="submitUpload">上传到服务器</el-button>
</div>
</template>

<script>

export default {
name: 'UploadDemo',
data() {
return {
fileData: {
name: ''
}
}
},
methods: {
submitUpload() {
this.$refs.upload.submit()
},
onSuccess() {
this.$message.success('上传成功')
}
}
}
</script>

其中 el-upload 组件的 :data 属性用于指定文件上传时附加的数据(类型为 JavaScript 对象)。

文件上传测试:
文件上传(带数据)

上传完成,后台数据如下:

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[
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/AnyDesk.exe",
"id": 19,
"name": "测试文件"
},
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/template.html",
"id": 18,
"name": ""
},
{
"file": "http://172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/uploads/20171215091830_55126_hSnPtZR.png",
"id": 17,
"name": ""
}
]

文件下载

修改后台视图代码(views.py),添加文件下载的 API 响应逻辑:

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from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from files import models, serializers
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from django.http import FileResponse


class FileViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.FilesModel.objects.all()
serializer_class = serializers.FilesSerializer

@action(methods=['get', 'post'], detail=True)
def download(self, request, pk=None, *args, **kwargs):
file_obj = self.get_object()
response = FileResponse(open(file_obj.file.path, 'rb'))
return response

此时访问 http://xx.xx.xx.xx:8000/storage/files/[id]/download/ 链接,即可直接下载上传到服务器上的文件。
下载文件

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$ curl -o anydesk.exe 172.20.23.34:8000/storage/files/19/download/
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 3584k 100 3584k 0 0 102M 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 102M

参考资料

Element UI 官方文档
Django 官方文档